Samples
The SNPs are and will be developed from a pool of DNA samples
obtained from 24 unrelated Japanese volunteers. Each sample contains 3 individuals'
DNA.
All samples came from individuals who were provided informed
consent to be a part of this DNA polymorphism discovery resource. All
identifying and phenotypic information has been removed from the
individual samples so that links to individual donors are irreversibly
broken. We organized the ethics committee to discuss this issue and they
reviewed our research plan and recognized the anonymity of DNA samples
and adequate informed consent.
Experimental Methods
- Selection of DNA fragments
Since we decided to concentrate on
finding SNPs within the genes, exons and promoter regions are the target
segments for amplification. Human genomic sequences are retrieved from
GenBank DNA database and entries containing information on exons and
promoters are selected first. Without these data, exon prediction
program (GENSCAN) is applied or homology search (BLAST Ver.2 partly with
sim4) between mRNA/cDNA/Unigene records and genomic sequence records is
carried out to find (possible) exons. We also predict exons by comparing
mRNA records with the genomic contig records in the NCBI Reference
Sequence Project (RefSeq) using our original computer software. Repeat
regions are masked by RepeatMasker with options of "Do not mask simple
repeats and low complexity DNA".
- Primer pick-up
PCR primers are selected to amplify extracted
exons, promoter regions, and introns. Computer program (Primer 3.0) is
used and the size of PCR product is 0.6 kb or 1.2 to 1.5 kb. Internal primers are
also selected for sequencing both strands of the products.
- Direct sequencing of PCR products
PCR products are sequenced with
the set of two PCR primers and two internal primers according to the
manufacturer's recommendation. When the PCR product contains faint
non-specific fragment(s) judged from electrophoresis, two additional
internal primers rather than PCR primers themselves are used for
sequencing. Biomek2000 and Multimek96 are used for liquid handling and
ABI3700 capillary-based sequencers are for electrophoresis.
- SNP detection
Computer program (Polyphred) is used to indicate
possible SNP loci. For verification, inspection of each candidate SNPs
are carried out by human's eye.
- SNP related Information
Detailed information on the screened
regions, i.e. GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers, gene names and
chromosomal locations, can be obtained from HOWDY, a human genome
database developed by JST ALIS Project.
- SNP Mapping
We are mapping SNPs by in silico techniques.
- Reference
SNPs Identification Lab Information
Member